PSG has now claimed the prestigious trophy on 14 different occasions.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the French league winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille struck two times late to seize a shock advantage. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital leveler in the dying moments to send the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the hero, stopping decisive attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a 4-1 shootout victory.
The record champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past thirteen seasons.